WholisticResearch are supplements and drugs that improve brain function in healthy people by boosting memory, focus, creativity, intelligence and motivation. They’ve become a popular choice in today’s fast-paced world for people looking to stay ahead of the competition and maintain peak mental performance.

But not all nootropics are created equal. While some have well-documented effects, others don’t—and the long-term safety of many hasn’t been fully explored. It’s important to approach their use with caution, says Bindiya Gandhi, MD, double board-certified integrative and functional medicine physician and scientific advisor for Four Sigmatic, which makes nootropic supplements.

While some nootropics are prescription drugs, such as modafinil (Provigil), approved to treat narcolepsy and shift work disorder, most are found in dietary supplements. These aren’t regulated the same way as pharmaceuticals, so there’s no guarantee of their quality or safety. Some may contain unhealthy ingredients.

Brain Health Check: Using Nootropics to Support Cognitive Wellness

When selecting a nootropic, look for formulas that have been third party lab tested to ensure purity and potency. Considerations like encapsulation and bioavailability also play a role in how effective a nootropic supplement is. Some are best absorbed in capsule form, while others may need to be taken with food for optimal absorption.

While nootropics can enhance your cognitive abilities, they shouldn’t be a substitute for good health habits like regular exercise, a nutritious diet and adequate sleep. These substances should only be used as brain supplements and under the guidance of your doctor.